Exit site infection and peritonitis due to Serratia species in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: Epidemiology and clinical outcomes.

AIM: To study the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of catheter-related infections of Serratia species in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the patient characteristics, antibiotics susceptibility/resistance patterns and treatment outcomes of exit site infection (ESI) and peritonitis due to Serratia in PD patients during the period of 2004 to 2017. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-one patients had Serratia ESI, of which 10 (6.2%) progressed to tunnel tract involvement and 11 (6.8%) developed PD peritonitis. Nineteen (11.8%) patients with Serratia ESI failed to respond to medical treatment and required catheter removal. Fifty-six (34.8%) patients had repeat Serratia ESI, which occurred at 12.9 ± 13.6 months after the previous episode. Twenty-two patients had Serratia peritonitis, which accounted for 1% of peritonitis during the study period. Ten (45.5%) patients responded to medical treatment while 12 (54.5%) patients required catheter removal. Nine patients (36.4%) failed to resume PD and were converted to long-term haemodialysis. Two patients had repeat peritonitis at 2 months and 3 years, respectively, after the initial episode. Serratia species in PD patients showed high rates of resistance to ampicillin, and first- and second-generation cephalosporins, but were generally susceptible to aminoglycosides, carboxy-/ureido-penicillins and carbapenems. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Serratia ESI show low risk of progression to peritonitis and favourable response to medical therapy, while Serratia peritonitis was associated with high rates of catheter removal and peritoneal failure.

Late-onset Subconjunctival Abscess Secondary to Serratia marcescens Associated With Unexposed Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implant.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to report a rare case of late-onset subconjunctival abscess associated with an unexposed Ahmed glaucoma valve implant secondary to Serratia marcescens, a rare conjunctival pathogen. METHODS: Case description including clinical imaging and literature review of glaucoma drainage device (GDD)-related infections. CASE PRESENTATION: A 73-year-old man presented with blurring of vision, redness, and pain on his right eye 2 months after Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation for advanced postpenetrating-keratoplasty glaucoma. The patient was nonsmoker, had fairly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus on insulin, and had undergone multiple eye surgeries on the right eye. On ocular examination, the conjunctiva was injected with fairly delineated yellowish-white subconjunctival material in the superotemporal quadrant with no associated tube exposure or leak, and the anterior chamber was quiet. The patient was assessed with Ahmed glaucoma valve infection with subconjunctival abscess and was treated by Ahmed glaucoma valve explant with directed systemic and topical antimicrobial therapy. The culture and sensitivity results revealed S. marcescens sensitive to ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, and amikacin. Despite the virulence of the pathogen, the eye was saved. CONCLUSIONS: Ahmed glaucoma valve infection with subconjunctival abscess secondary to S. marcescens is rare. GDD-related infections should be suspected in patients presenting with blurring of vision, pain, and redness even in the absence of tube exposure. Early diagnosis and treatment with culture-guided antimicrobial therapy combined with GDD explant is fundamental in optimizing the visual outcome.

A 27-year-old man with recurrent sinopulmonary and cutaneous infections.

The increasing availability of genetic testing for modern immunologists in the evaluation of immune diseases could provide a definite diagnosis in elusive cases. A 27-year-old white male patient presented to the clinic with recurrent sinopulmonary and cutaneous infections since childhood. The patient's mother had seronegative polyarthritis, and one of two sisters of the patient had chronic sinopulmonary infections. Serum immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses, lymphocyte subset markers, mannose-binding lectin, mitogen and antigen stimulation, bacteriophage study, and Streptococcus pneumoniae titers to 23 serotypes were all normal. B-cell phenotyping revealed a decrease in both nonswitched memory B cells (CD19+CD27+IgD+) and switched memory B-cells (CD19+CD27+IgD-). Genetic testing and the improvement of clinical symptoms after IgG replacement led to the final diagnosis.

Risk of infection in patients undergoing urologic surgery based on the presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is recommended in pregnant women and prior to urologic procedures with anticipated mucosal disruption. However, there is still insufficient evidence of the usefulness of treating ASB prior to urologic procedures. Therefore, the aim of this study was to ascertain the risk of infections in patients undergoing urologic surgery based on the presence of ASB. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study among patients undergoing urologic surgery at a single center located in Medellín, Colombia. All patients were screened for ASB prior to their procedures. Patients were evaluated for the development of any postoperative infectious complications for up to 30 days after the procedure. RESULTS: A total of 149 patients were included in this cohort. Incidence of ASB was 14.8%. Thirteen patients (8.72%) developed infectious complications: 3 (13.64%) with ASB and 10 (7.87%) without ABS. Factors associated with postoperative infectious complications included urologic cancers (hazard ratio [HR], 5.26; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.24-22.37), urologic interventions in the preceding 3 months (HR, 3.72; 95% CI, 1.02-13.51), and use of antibiotics 3 months prior to surgery (HR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.01-15.49). Presence of ASB was not associated with postsurgical infectious complications (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.26-3.96). CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between ASB and postoperative infectious complications. There were other factors associated with infectious complications, such as urologic cancer, previous history of urologic manipulation, and antibiotic use.

Bilateral endophthalmitis and symmetrical peripheral gangrene in a patient with chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis.

Dialysis patients have greater number of complications due to multiple comor-bidity and access-related infections as well as nosocomial infections due to reduced immunity and more frequent hospitalizations. Endogenous endophthalmitis is a potentially blinding ocular infection occurring in chronically debilitated patients and the use of invasive procedures. Symmetric peripheral gangrene (SPG) is defined as symmetrical distal ischemic damage in two or more sites in the absence of a major vascular occlusive disease. It carries a high mortality rate with a very high frequency of multiple limb amputations in the survivors. However, only a few case reports have described endogenous endophthalmitis in dialysis patients. Concomitant endophthalmitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), presenting as SPG, is extremely rare and no such case was found in the literature survey. Herein, we report a very rare association of bilateral endophthalmitis with DIC and SPG in a patient with chronic kidney disease on maintenance hemodialysis.

Serratia marcescens sepsis outbreak caused by contaminated propofol.

We presented a sepsis outbreak caused by Serratia marcescens from contaminated propofol to raise awareness. Three patients had sepsis syndrome after chest surgery. Isolation of S marcescens from patients' respiratory and blood samples alerted us to a possible outbreak. Four syringes filled with propofol and 1 saline solution yielded S marcescens. Nine of 10 isolates from samples of patients and environment genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were the same. Disobeying aseptic injection rules of propofol is still causing outbreaks.

Fatal hyperammonemia associated with disseminated Serratia marcescens infection in a pediatric liver transplant recipient.

Hyperammonemia is a rare and important complication post-liver transplantation. We review a case of a 5-month-old boy with biliary atresia who received a split liver transplant following a variceal bleed. The transplant was complicated by recurrent portal vein thrombosis. Colonized with Serratia marcescens pretransplant, he developed disseminated infection associated with very high levels of ammonia that led to his death. It is important to be aware of serum ammonia levels in patients with portal vein thrombosis, particularly in the setting of gastrointestinal bleeding and sepsis.

Implicación de un brote nacional de infección por Serratia marcescens asociado a clorhexidina contaminada en un hospital pediátrico / Implication of a national outbreak of Serratia marcescens associated with a contaminated solution of chlorhexidine in a paediatric hospital

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Genome-based analysis of virulence determinants of a Serratia marcescens strain from soft tissues following a snake bite.

AIM: Serratia marcescens wound infection after snakebite is often associated with aggressive presentations. However, the virulence determinants remain understudied. MATERIALS & METHODS: Whole-genome sequencing was performed on S. marcescens VGH107, an isolate from wound infection secondary to Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus bite. Comparative genomics approach coupled with multivirulent-locus sequencing typing was applied to systematically predict potential virulence factors. RESULTS: Multivirulent-locus sequencing typing indicated VGH107 falls within the cluster of high pathogenic strains. Comparative analysis identified virulence genes unique in VGH107, including ecpD and ecpE genes for periplasmic chaperone-pilus subunit complex and cdiA and cdiB genes for contact-dependent growth inhibition system. CONCLUSION: The data established here provide foundation for further research regarding the virulence and resistance of S. marcescens.

Serratia liquefaciens Causing Severe Ocular Damage in Noncontact Lens Wearer.

Serratia liquefaciens is a rarely encountered gram-negative organism in ophthalmology practice. The only reported ocular infections are from contamination of contact lenses. The authors report the first case of a patient who developed orbital cellulitis secondary to severe S. liquefaciens microbial keratitis.

Sepsis after uterine artery embolization-assisted termination of pregnancy with complete placenta previa: A case report.

Uterine artery embolization (UAE)-assisted induction of labor is an alternative method of managing pregnant women with complete placenta previa (CPP). Sepsis secondary to UAE, although rare, is a serious complication. We herein present a case of severe sepsis following UAE-assisted termination of a pregnancy at 27 gestational weeks in a woman with CPP. The woman developed a high-grade fever and elevated inflammatory indices following UAE. She did not recover until the infected tissue was removed by emergency cesarean section. This case suggests that the increasing use of UAE for termination of pregnancy in women with CPP requires awareness regarding the possibility of serious sepsis associated with this procedure.

Detection of the IncX3 plasmid carrying blaKPC-3 in a Serratia marcescens strain isolated from a kidney-liver transplanted patient.

Dissemination of resistance to carbapenems among Enterobacteriaceae through plasmids is an increasingly important concern in health care worldwide. Here we report the first description of an IncX3 plasmid carrying the blaKPC-3 gene in a strain of Serratia marcescens isolated from a kidney-liver transplanted patient at the transplantation centre ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione, Palermo, Italy). To localize the transposable element containing the resistance-associated gene Next-Generation Sequencing of the bacterial DNA was performed. S. marcescens was positive for blaKPC-3 and blaSHV-11 genes. The molecular analysis demonstrated that the blaKPC-3 gene of this bacterial strain was located in one copy of the Tn-3-like element Tn4401-a carried in a plasmid that is 53 392 bp in size and showed the typical IncX3 scaffold. Our data demonstrated the presence of a new blaKPC-3 harbouring the IncX3 plasmid in S. marcescens. The possible dissemination among Enterobacteriaceae of this type of plasmid should be monitored and evaluated in terms of clinical risk.

Serratia marcescens Bacteremia: Nosocomial Cluster Following Narcotic Diversion.

OBJECTIVE To describe the investigation and control of a cluster of Serratia marcescens bacteremia in a 505-bed tertiary-care center. METHODS Cluster cases were defined as all patients with S. marcescens bacteremia between March 2 and April 7, 2014, who were found to have identical or related blood isolates determined by molecular typing with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Cases were compared using bivariate analysis with controls admitted at the same time and to the same service as the cases, in a 4:1 ratio. RESULTS In total, 6 patients developed S. marcescens bacteremia within 48 hours after admission within the above period. Of these, 5 patients had identical Serratia isolates determined by molecular typing, and were included in a case-control study. Exposure to the post-anesthesia care unit was a risk factor identified in bivariate analysis. Evidence of tampered opioid-containing syringes on several hospital units was discovered soon after the initial cluster case presented, and a full narcotic diversion investigation was conducted. A nurse working in the post-anesthesia care unit was identified as the employee responsible for the drug diversion and was epidemiologically linked to all 5 patients in the cluster. No further cases were identified once the implicated employee's job was terminated. CONCLUSION Illicit drug use by healthcare workers remains an important mechanism for the development of bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients. Active mechanisms and systems should remain in place to prevent, detect, and control narcotic drug diversions and associated patient harm in the healthcare setting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1027-1031.

Serratia marcescens Bullous Cellulitis in a Splenectomized Patient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Serratia marcescens is a Gram-negative bacillus belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Cutaneous infection with Serratia is rare, and usually occurs in immunocompromised individuals. Primary cutaneous infections are uncommon, but they are typically severe and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The pathogenetic factors leading to S. marcescens infection are not fully understood, but contributing virulence factors include proteases, secreted exotoxins, and the formation of biofilm. We report a case of cellulitis occurring in a splenectomized patient, which led to multiple wound debridements and a transmetatarsal amputation. This dramatic case led us to review the published literature on soft tissue infections caused by S. marcescens.

Serratia marcescens thigh infection after transobturator sling without associated mesh exposure.

INTRODUCTION: Soft tissue complications of the thigh occur after transobturator slings and are reported to uniformly accompany mesh exposure. Most commonly identified microorganisms cultured from such soft tissue infections include Bacteroides and Streptococcus species. This is the first reported case of Serratia marcescens leading to thigh cellulitis after a transobturator sling and the complication occurred in the absence of exposed mesh. CASE: A 54-year-old presented 7 days after a transobturator sling with right thigh cellulitis and sepsis in the absence of mesh exposure. She underwent explantation of the sling and incision and drainage of the groin incision. Cultures grew S. marcescens. DISCUSSION: Soft tissue infections of the thigh after transobturator tape are rare, but commonly associated with exposed mesh. Mesh exposure does not lead to thigh complications uniformly. The fact that this patient had no exposed mesh poses several questions about the pathogenesis of soft tissue infections of the thigh after transobturator slings.

Chronic granulomatous disease mimicking early-onset Crohn's disease with cutaneous manifestations.

BACKGROUND: Chronic granulomatous disease is a rare inherited disorder of the innate immune system. In patients with a clinical history of recurrent or persistent infections, especially infections caused by uncommon species, chronic granulomatous disease should be considered. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 5-year-old boy with a presumptive diagnosis of Crohn's disease with extraintestinal manifestations. Chronic granulomatous disease was suspected in this case after Serratia marcescens was isolated from a skin ulcer culture. Granulomas were confirmed on histology and chronic granulomatous disease was diagnosed. CONCLUSION: This case emphasizes the importance of high clinical suspicion of an alternative diagnosis of immune deficiency in patients with presumed inflammatory bowel disease and opportunistic infections, especially when disease occurs in early life.